Chemical Research Letters, May 2021. The appropriate choice of redox mediator can avoid electrode passivation and overpotential, which strongly inhibit the efficient activation of substrates in electrolysis. HPLC of Formula: https://www.ambeed.com/products/1953-02-2.html,1953-02-2, Name is Tiopronin, SMILES is O=C(O)CNC(C(S)C)=O, belongs to pyrrolines compound. In a document, author is Hideg, E, introduce the new discover.
EPR spectroscopy detection of active oxygen and free radicals in thylakoids exposed to photoinhibition
High intensity illumination of thylakoids results in the well-characterized impairment of Photosystem Il electron transport (photoinhibition), followed by the degradation of the D1 reaction centre protein. The time course and features of photodamage are different in fully functional thylakoid membranes, when photoinhibition is invoked by impairment of Photosystem II acceptor side electron transport, and in thylakoids which are unable to oxidize water, when the damage is a consequence of inactivation of Photosystem II donor side. In the present study we followed the production of singlet oxygen and free radicals during both types of photoinhibition by EPR spectroscopy. Singlet oxygen was detected by following the formation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, a stable nitroxide radical yielded in the reaction of singlet oxygen with the sterically hindered amine 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Free radicals were detected as spin adducts of the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolin-N-oxide, and identified on the basis of hyperfine splitting constants of the EPR spectre. We found that (i) singlet oxygen, a non-radical form of active oxygen was detectable only in samples undergoing acceptor side induced photodamage. (ii) The acceptor side induced process was accompanied by the oxygen dependent production of carbon centred (alkyl or hydroxyalkyl) radicals, probably from the reaction of singlet oxygen with histidine residues. (iii) Donor side induced photoinhibition was dominated by hydroxyl radicals, which were produced in anaerobic samples, too. The production rate of these radicals, as well as D1 protein degradation, was dependent on the possibility of electron donation From manganese ions to Photosystem II. The marked distinction between the active oxygen forms produced in acceptor and donor side induced photoinhibition are in agreement with earlier reports on the different mechanism of these processes.
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Reference:
Pyrroline – Wikipedia,
,1-Pyrroline | C4H7N – PubChem