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Role and substrate specificity of the Streptomyces coelicolor RedH enzyme in undecylprodiginine biosynthesis

The function of RedH from Streptomyces coelicolor as an enzyme that catalyses the condensation of 4-methoxy-2,2?-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde (MBC) and 2-undecylpyrrole to form the natural product undecylprodiginine has been experimentally proven, and the substrate specificity of RedH has been probed in vivo by examining its ability to condense chemically-synthesised MBC analogues with 2-undecylpyrrole to afford undecylprodiginine analogues. The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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AZOLOPYRROLONE MELANIN CONCENTRATING HORMONE RECEPTOR-1 ANTAGONISTS

The present application provides compounds, including all stereoisomers, solvates, prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof according to Formula (I) including all pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof: wherein A is a monocyclic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; W is a direct bond, -0-, or -N(R 6 )-, provided that if W is a direct bond, D must be a cyclic amine that is attached to A via the nitrogen atom of said cyclic amine; D is a direct bond, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 7 cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, or a 4 to 6 membered cyclic amine; B and E are independently N or CH provided that both are not CH

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Synthetic routes to pyrrolizine-1,5-dione derivatives by flash vacuum pyrolysis of amidomethylene derivatives of Meldrum’s acid

Methoxymethylene Meldrum’s acid 1 reacts with 5- and 6-membered lactams in refluxing acetonitrile to give the N-substituted products 9-15. If the reactions are continued for extended times, the Meldrum’s acid derivatives decompose to provide enamidoesters e.g.22-24. Flash vacuum pyrolysis of the 5-membered ring products 9-13 provides reasonable yields of the fused pyrrolones 31-35. The constitution of the products is supported by X-ray crystal structures of 10, 12, 19, 32 and 34. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009.

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Improved synthetic route to C-ring ester-functionalized prodigiosenes

An efficient, optimized, and scalable process for the synthesis of C-ring ester-functionalized prodigiosenes has been developed by (i) exploiting a silylative Mukaiyama aldol strategy for the condensation of alkyl 5-formyl-2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate and 4-methoxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one to form the corresponding ester-functionalized dipyrrinone analogues, and (ii) developing a facile synthesis of stable bromodipyrrin analogues for the use in formal Suzuki coupling reactions. The process was applied to the synthesis of three C-ring ester-functionalized prodigiosenes in multigram scales (up to 6.5 g prodigiosene free-base) with useful yields (35-56% overall yields over three steps starting from the 2-formyl pyrroles). Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York.

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5-alkyl tetramic acids

A process for the production of 5-alkyl tetramic acids from 4-alkoxy-3-pyrrolin-2-ones and aldehydes or ketones. By basic catalysis, 5-alkylidene-4-alkoxy-3-pyrrolin-2-ones are first formed, which are converted into the target compounds by cleavage of the alkoxy group and catalytic hydrogenation.

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Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of novel prodigiosin derivatives

Prodigiosins (Ps) represent a family of naturally occurring red pigments characterized by a common pyrrolylpyrromethene skeleton. Some members of this family have been shown to possess interesting immunosuppressive properties exerted with a novel mechanism of action, different from that of currently used drugs. In fact, Ps inhibit phosphorylation and activation of JAK-3, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase associated with a cell surface receptor component called common gamma-chain, which is exclusive of all IL-2 cytokine family receptors. Blocking common gamma-chain transduction activity results in a potent and specific immunosuppressive activity. With respect to the interesting and unexploited immunomodulating properties of this family of compounds we initiated a medicinal chemistry program aimed at finding novel prodigiosin derivatives with improved immunosuppressive activity and lower toxicity. Utilizing an unprecedented and flexible way of assembling the prodigiosin frame, a number of new derivatives have been prepared and tested leading to the choice of 4-benzyloxy-5-[(5-undecyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl]-2,2′-bi- 1H-pyrrole (PNU-156804, 16) as a lead immunosuppressant.

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A concise approach to the spiroiminal fragment of marineosins

A concise approach to the spiroiminal fragment of marineosins A and B is described. The key steps involve an acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium ion cyclization and a Vilsmeier-Haack type reaction with Tf2O. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.

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Polypyrroles as antioxidants: Kinetic studies on reactions of bilirubin and biliverdin dimethyl esters and synthetic model compounds with peroxyl radicals in solution. Chemical calculations on selected typical structures

Rate constants for hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from bilirubin dimethyl ester (BRDE) and biliverdin dimethyl ester (BVDE) to peroxyl radicals during inhibited autoxidation of styrene initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were kinh(BRDE) = 22.5 ¡Á4 and kinh(BVDE) = 10.2 ¡Á 104 M-1 s-1, and the stoichiometric factors (n) were 2.0 and 2.7, respectively. A synthetic tetrapyrrole (bis(dipyrromethene)) containing the alpha-central (2,2?) CH2 linkage gave kinh = 39.9 ¡Á 104 M -1 s-1 and n = 2.3, whereas the beta-linked (3,3?) isomer was not an active antioxidant. Several dipyrrinones were synthesized as mimics of the two outer heterocyclic rings of bilirubin and biliverdin. The dipyrrinones containing N-H groups in each ring were active antioxidants, whereas those lacking two such “free” N-H groups, such as N-CH 3 dipyrrinones and dipyrromethenes, did not exhibit antioxidant activity. Overall, the relative kinh values compared to those of phenolic antioxidants, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (DBHA) and 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), were 2,2?-bis(dipyrromethene) > BRDE > DBHA > dipyrrinones > BVDE > BHT. This general trend in antioxidant activities was also observed for the inhibited autoxidation of cumene initiated by AIBN. Chemical calculations of the N-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of the typical structures support a HAT mechanism from N-H groups to trap peroxyl radicals. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of intermediate nitrogen radicals has a major influence on the antioxidant activities of all compounds studied. Indeed, chemical calculations showed that the initial nitrogen radical from a dipyrrinone is stabilized by 9.0 kcal/mol because of H-bonding between the N-H remaining on one ring and the ground-state pyrrolyl radical of the adjacent ring in the natural zusammen structure. The calculated minimum structure of bilirubin shows strong intramolecular H-bonding of the N-H groups with carbonyl groups resulting in the known “ridge-tile” structure which is not an active HAT antioxidant. The calculated minimum structure of biliverdin is planar. BRDE is readily converted into BVDE by reaction with the electron-deficient DPPH¡¤ radical under argon in chlorobenzene. An electron-transfer mechanism is proposed for the initiating step in this reaction, and this is supported by the relatively low ionizing potential of a model dipyrrole representing the two central rings of bilirubin.

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A new malyngamide from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens

A new malyngamide (1) was isolated along with seven known compounds (2?8) from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens collected in Hawaii. Compound 1 represented the first reported malyngamide with a hydroxy moiety at C-7 of the characteristic fatty acid portion of the compound. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against L1210 cell line at an IC50 value of 2.9?mM and lethal toxicity against the shrimp Palaemon paucidens at a LD100 value of 33.3?mg/kg. The bioactivity of compound 1 was approximately 10?100 times weaker than those of isomalyngamides A and B (3, 4). These results indicated that the methoxy group at C-7 of the fatty acid section confers a degree of bioactivity in malyngamides.

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A formal synthesis of althiomycin

A formal synthesis of the antibiotic althiomycin has been completed preliminary to studies of the interaction of this compound with prokaryotic ribosomes.

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